assignment 2 ( page 2 )

Deontological ethical theories

Deontology is based on duties and rights and respects individuals as ends in themselves. It places value on the intentions of the individual (rather than the outcomes of any action) and focuses on rules, obligations and duties. Deontology requires absolute adherence to these obligations and acting from duty is viewed as acting ethically. One of the key criticisms in healthcare is that applying a strictly deontological approach to healthcare can lead to conflicts of interest between equally entitled individuals which can be difficult or even seemingly impossible to resolve.

Deontology comes from the Greek word "deontos" which means "duty"; it is an ethical system which does not base off moral value into the consequences of act, but in the correspondence to some system of requirements. Those requirements are norms and this is why those ethical theories are said to be normative (it bases off most of its work onto norms, or rules).

However, you must see that it doesn't always bear value to circumstances; Kant, for instance, didn't. What makes an action moral for any deontologist is the correspondence to the moral code. You have to oppose this to the consequentialist system which bases morality onto the produced consequences of the actions. An example of consequentialism is Bentham's Unitarianism (note that this theory has been greatly criticized for obvious logical mistakes and/or inconsistencies; Mill's utilitarianism of the rule allows norms to be fixed and makes for a more acceptable basis).

Deontological ethics recognizes a number of distinct duties, such as those proscribing the killing of innocent people (murder) and prohibitions on lying and promise breaking. Deontology maintains that the wrongness of (some) actions is intrinsic, or resides in the kind of action that it is, rather than the consequences it brings about. So, for example, an act of killing an innocent man is wrong because it is the killing of an innocent man, rather than because it deprives someone of future happiness and causes grief to a family. In this, deontological ethics is opposed to Consequentialism, which defines the moral rightness of an action in terms of the consequences it brings about.

Refference : 

http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20110313142018AANlGhH
http://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Deontological_ethics

assignment 2 (page 1)

Question

Briefly explain the ethical theories : 

a) Can be divided into two categories depending on what they consider the source of ethical value to be consequentialist or "teleological" 

b) Ethical theories and motivational or "deontological" ethical theories.

 

 

Consequentialism

Ethical theories that locate the source of moral value in desirable states of affairs that result as a direct consequence of an action. In this way, consequentialism emphasizes some principle of the good as its central concept. Though there are various forms of consequentialism, the most popular form is Utilitarianism, which holds that morally valuable actions are those actions that bring about the greatest good for the greatest number of people.A consequentialist moral theory defines normative properties such as rightness, praiseworthiness, and virtuousness, in terms of the promotion of valuable states of affairs. Since normative theories tend to focus on the rightness of actions, a consequentialist theory of right action is the most common form of consequentialism, it says that the right action is that which brings about the best consequences overall.Consequentialism refers to those moral theories that hold that the consequences of a particular action form the basis for any valid moral judgement about that action. Thus, on a consequentialist account, a morally right action is an action which produces good consequences.

How one defines the principle of the good will determine what kind of utilitarian one is. For example, if one defines the good as the maximization of pleasure, then one is a pleasure utilitarian and believes that right actions are those that bring about the greatest amount of pleasure for the greatest amount of people. If one believes that the good consists in the maximization of utility, then one is a strict utilitarian. "Utility," originally an economic term, refers to a unit of resources or means that is required to live one’s individual conception of the good life.

In other explanation Consequentialist ethics holds the view that the correct moral response is related to the outcome, or consequence, of the act. The central aim is the premise of 'maximising the greatest good for the greatest number'. The 'good' referred to can be expressed in a variety of ways and may refer to values or 'utility' such as happiness, being pain or symptom free or another life enhancing outcome.
As an ethical theory consequentialism is attractive as there is always an outcome and the correct moral response is the one which will produce the greatest good for the greatest number.  However, it does have limitations as it can endorse acts which would be contrary to the rights of individuals if the end result is one which would improve care for many others. 

In so far as consequentialism posits the maximization of a favorable resulting state of affairs, i.e., some conception of the principle of the good, as its fundamental normative principle, it is opposed to Deontology. Consequentialist theories of all types have been criticized for placing too much emphasis on the maximization of valuable resulting states of affairs, which can lead to morally counter-intuitive conclusions. Consequentialism is one form of teleological ethics, sometimes inaccurately equated with Teleology

Refference : 

http://www.ascensionhealth.org/index

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Assignment

Definition of business ethic

Business ethics is the study of  business situations, activities, and decisions where issues of right and wrong are addressed. In other definition is business ethics are implemented in order to ensure that a certain required level of trust exists between consumers and various forms of market participants with businesses. The examination of the variety of problems that can arise from the business environment and how workers, management, and the organization can deal with them ethically. Problems such as fiduciary responsibility,corporate social responsibility, corporate governance shareholder relations, insider trading, bribery and discrimination are examined in business ethics.

    Why business ethic considered to oxymoron

By oxymoron, we mean the bringing together of two apparently contradictory concepts like cheerful pessimist or deafening silence. In some business, they bringing together of two apparently contradictory concept like cheerful pessimist or deafening silence. It is like we do it wrongly but keep it in silents or do something in term later can gain profits. In the business can and do act ethically. They do it because good, ethical behavior is the best long-term strategy for a company. That's not to say that ethical behavior always pays off financially or that unethical behavior is always punished. Unethical can make the business at least in the short term. Therefore, for the most part and over the long run, acting ethically can give a company a significant competitive advantage over companies that do not act ethically. 

Definition corporate governance

—   Corporate governance is the processes and structure by which business and affairs of corporate sector is directed and managed. For some other example are the Corporate Governance is the framework of rules and practices by which a board of directors ensures accountability, fairness, and transparency in a company's relationship with all stakeholders such as with financiers, customers, management, employees, government, and the community. Corporate governance is "the system by which companies are directed and controlled". It involves regulatory and market mechanisms, and the roles and relationships between a company’s management, its board, its shareholders and other stakeholders, and the goals for which the corporation is governed. lately, corporate governance has been comprehensively defined as "a system of law and sound approaches by which corporations are directed and controlled focusing on the internal and external corporate structures with the intention of monitoring the actions of management and directors and thereby mitigating agency risks stemming from the devious deeds of these corporate officers